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br Role of ERK signaling in preventive and therapeutic
2019-10-14
Role of ERK signaling in preventive and therapeutic potential of flavonoids in neurodegenerative diseases ERK is one of the main pharmacological targets of natural phenolic compounds and contributes to several therapeutic approaches including anti-atherogenic, anti-cancer, anti-colitis, anti-arth
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br Introduction Prostaglandins are important local
2019-10-14
Introduction Prostaglandins are important local mediators in a host of reproductive processes including ovulation, fertilization, embryonic development, luteal regression, and parturition (Ushikubi et al., 2000). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is among the more versatile prostanoids, and its effects app
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Nitrid oxide NO and its
2019-10-14
Nitrid oxide (NO) and its potential endogenous production as an endothelium-derived factor was the first gaseous molecule accepted to be a signaling mediator in the organism [4,5]. NO plays a key role in physiological regulation of the YC 1 kinase and exerts physiological functions in the nervous an
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Our observation that FAK is downregulated in vascular smooth
2019-10-14
Our observation that FAK is downregulated in vascular smooth muscle ESI-09 on fibrillar collagen confirms observations reported for other cell types [14]. However, unlike the results reported previously [14], our work suggests that matrix rigidity per se does not determine FAK downregulation. This
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The corticotropin releasing factor CRF also
2019-10-14
The corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) also referred to as corticotropin-releasing hormone, is a key mediator of mammalian endocrine, behavioral, autonomic, and immune responses to stress (Vale et al., 1981, Owens and Nemeroff, 1991, Bale and Vale, 2004). Within the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal
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Danoprevir mass Tacrine amino tetrahydroacridine I Fig was t
2019-10-14
Tacrine (9-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroacridine) (I, Fig. 1) was the first AChEI to be approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of AD [25], [26], [27], [28]. However, despite its good AChE inhibitory activity, tacrine was far from ideal due to its low bioavailability and shor
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Several questions remain to be addressed The hormones and me
2019-10-14
Several questions remain to be addressed. The hormones and metabolites that modulate expression of EERγ in the steps leading to maturation need to be identified to learn more about physiological and pathophysiological regulation of EERγ in β cells. Considering that ERRγ repressed cell cycle genes in
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With respect to bone metabolism and ossification related gen
2019-10-14
With respect to ‘bone metabolism and ossification’-related genes, treatment of SaOS-2 osteoblast-like ONO-5046 clinical with MS-10 up-regulated IGFBP-4, TG2, and SOST. Up-regulation of IGFBP-4 in SaOS-2 cells inhibits DNA and protein synthesis induced by IGF-1 (Kudo et al., 1995, Kudo et al., 1996)
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In the signaling cascade of innate
2019-10-14
In the signaling cascade of innate immunity, most of the receptor proteins, adaptor proteins, and kinases are modified by ubiquitination to activate and transduce the downstream signaling for efficient production of the IFN and proinflammatory cytokines to combat the pathogens. For example, the K-63
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Liraglutide and br Significance Our understanding of the ubi
2019-10-14
Significance Our understanding of the ubiquitin biology has been rapidly expanding. The role of the ubiquitin system in the pathogenesis of numerous disease states has increased the interest in finding new strategies to pharmacologically interfere with the enzymes responsible of the ubiquitinatio
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The folate pathway plays an essential role
2019-10-14
The folate pathway plays an essential role in cell survival by generating 5, 10-methylene tetrahydrofolate as a one-carbon donor for the synthesis of deoxythymidine monophosphate (dTMP), purines, methionine and histidine. Disruption of this pathway leads to the critical deficiency of these key molec
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In order to assess quantitatively
2019-10-14
In order to assess quantitatively the contribution of the ung, dug and dut azd4547 to uracil-DNA accumulation in E. coli, we have developed a novel method for measuring uracil residues in DNA that is based on the approach of Kow and co-workers [33] for measuring AP-sites in DNA. The method, which w
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GSK2126458 Ultimately we decided to investigate the role of
2019-10-14
Ultimately, we decided to investigate the role of Cyp3a in obesity because Hepatic P450 Reductase-null (HRN) mice with no P450 activity show hepatic steatosis with increased Cyp2b10 and Cyp3a11 expression, perturbations in liver size, lipid homeostasis, and increased liver polyunsaturated fatty acid
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Although PGD was initially considered to elicit its biologic
2019-10-14
Although PGD was initially considered to elicit its biological actions through a classical PGD receptor (DP1), later findings suggested that several PGD-mediated actions of eosinophils arise via DP2,, which is also known as CRTH2 (chemoattractant receptor-homologous molecule expressed on Th2 cells)
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To function as Ub ligases E proteins must interact with
2019-10-12
To function as Ub-ligases, E3 proteins must interact with E2s. As compared to the extensive studies on E3s, functional studies on E2s are relatively rudimentary in higher plants. We previously reported that there are 48 genes encoding Ub-conjugating (UBC) fold-containing putative E2 proteins in the